Samstag, 30. Juli 2011
The beans Jopo flowers Thailand in Orobanche crenata Forssk
berner, 20:26h
Several parasite species belonging to the family Orobanchaceas, among which stand out for their agronomic importance Orobanche crenata Forsk's, whose common name is broomrape. Parasitizes a large number of flowers Thailand plant species with particular aggressiveness and various legumes, among which are the Vicia Faba - Beans. The Jopo can cause serious damage in some areas is the limiting factor for cultivation, due to heavy infections cause total loss of production. Its height can reach one meter and even more, but current development is not as large and usually does not exceed 40 centimeters. The Jopo has a yellow or reddish purple. Terminal inflorescence may have up to 150 flowers Thailand. Seed production in the broomrape is very high. It varies between 50,000 and 500,000 seeds per plant, depending on its size. Broomrape seeds are very small, about 0.2 mm in length, even when they have no special morphological structure to be transported by wind, small size suggests that this factor plays an important role in its dissemination.
The broomrape sucks and utilizing water and nutrients produced by the bean plant so that it is hindered or even totally unable to continue their development Bean plants are attacked abortions of flowers Thailand, the flowers are pollinated fruits are often stunted dry. Jopo control is done through techniques such as crop rotation, use of tolerant and resistant genotypes, the destruction of affected flowers Thailand plants, the elimination of broomrape before fruition .... and the use of herbicides, whose active ingredient is glyphosate recommended. But each has issues to consider. The weeding, very costly and ineffective practice because jopos, once emerged, have caused the most damage to the beans. Delaying the flowers Thailand planting date the cultivation of beans. This date affects the time and stage of development of the crop in that installs the parasite and the intensity of their competition. A crop rotation in which only covered the beans or other crops susceptible to broomrape every 8 or 10 years, is an effective practice to prevent broomrape infestations.
Irrigation seems to be which decreases broomrape infestations. When the soil is infested waters, the competition-the jopos with the crop flowers Thailand reduces the number of jopos appearing in successive years decreases, disappearing almost completely within 2 to 3 years. Sterilization of soil by chemicals or sterilizing and heating of the surface soil layer at 50 or 60 degrees by covering it with sheets of plastic in the summer have proven to be also effective methods to reduce almost completely The germination of broomrape seeds. The introduction of genetic resistance to broomrape in the new varieties are not yet complete with practical results. Broomrape control herbicide has also received much attention. Were tested in the cultivation of flowers Thailand beans, a large number of chemicals for their efficacy in controlling broomrape and toxicity to the beans. Only propyzamide and glyphosate have shown positive results.
The broomrape sucks and utilizing water and nutrients produced by the bean plant so that it is hindered or even totally unable to continue their development Bean plants are attacked abortions of flowers Thailand, the flowers are pollinated fruits are often stunted dry. Jopo control is done through techniques such as crop rotation, use of tolerant and resistant genotypes, the destruction of affected flowers Thailand plants, the elimination of broomrape before fruition .... and the use of herbicides, whose active ingredient is glyphosate recommended. But each has issues to consider. The weeding, very costly and ineffective practice because jopos, once emerged, have caused the most damage to the beans. Delaying the flowers Thailand planting date the cultivation of beans. This date affects the time and stage of development of the crop in that installs the parasite and the intensity of their competition. A crop rotation in which only covered the beans or other crops susceptible to broomrape every 8 or 10 years, is an effective practice to prevent broomrape infestations.
Irrigation seems to be which decreases broomrape infestations. When the soil is infested waters, the competition-the jopos with the crop flowers Thailand reduces the number of jopos appearing in successive years decreases, disappearing almost completely within 2 to 3 years. Sterilization of soil by chemicals or sterilizing and heating of the surface soil layer at 50 or 60 degrees by covering it with sheets of plastic in the summer have proven to be also effective methods to reduce almost completely The germination of broomrape seeds. The introduction of genetic resistance to broomrape in the new varieties are not yet complete with practical results. Broomrape control herbicide has also received much attention. Were tested in the cultivation of flowers Thailand beans, a large number of chemicals for their efficacy in controlling broomrape and toxicity to the beans. Only propyzamide and glyphosate have shown positive results.
... link
Samstag, 23. Juli 2011
Cultivation of Alstroemeria aurantiaca II
berner, 14:20h
The temperature at the beginning of culture ... during the first six weeks after planting, the optimum is 13 ° C overnight and between 14 and 16 ° C during the day. Somewhat lower temperatures cause a delay in growth, but in return you can get better quality with a slightly shorter stem.
Already in the rest of the crop, the optimum temperature for growth of Alstroemeria flowers in summer is 18 to 22 º C during the day and somewhat cooler at night. In winter, daytime temperatures should range optimum between 10 and 14 º C. The soil temperature is very important in this crop and if it stays between 14 and 17 º C, the quality of the flowers will be higher.
In the cultivation of Alstroemeria aurantiaca, recommended moisture is high, between 70 - 80% and although the Alstroemeria is not very susceptible to the fungus Botrytis ... recommended to keep the humidity below 90% when the temperatures are low, as example during the winter. Relative humidity at these levels helps produce a longer stems and leaves also somewhat longer.
In greenhouses, when the humidity is very high it is recommended to ventilate by opening windows, use heating or using fans.
In Spain, the cultivation of Alstroemeria aurantiaca do not need artificial lighting, but in countries like Holland, lamps are used for high intensity discharge quality improvement and production of stems in winter. As curious applied from 3,000 to 4,000 lux per square meter.
A good crop of Alstroemeria aurantiaca greenhouse produce between 180 to 400 stems per square meter per year, depending on variety, production method, the amount of light, etc.considerando acceptable about 60 - 80% of production can be sold as premium product (a stout stem flowers with 4 or more).
As for possible pests, diseases and other problems, the rusticity of the Alstroemeria not imply that culture may occur in pests like aphids, thrips, spider mites, snails, caterpillars, white flies and nematodes, easily controlled if detected in its early stages of attack.
At the level of disease only when the soil is too wet, Pythium and less frequently present a problem Phythophthora ... Rhizoctonia and sometimes when there is a warm and humid.
As physiopathies ... iron deficiency is usually found on young leaves which turn yellow while veins remain green, manganese deficiency is manifested in the young leaves which turn yellow only remaining major green veins, and magnesium deficiency occurs in older leaves that turn yellow, and are yellow stripes and green leaves.
Already in the rest of the crop, the optimum temperature for growth of Alstroemeria flowers in summer is 18 to 22 º C during the day and somewhat cooler at night. In winter, daytime temperatures should range optimum between 10 and 14 º C. The soil temperature is very important in this crop and if it stays between 14 and 17 º C, the quality of the flowers will be higher.
In the cultivation of Alstroemeria aurantiaca, recommended moisture is high, between 70 - 80% and although the Alstroemeria is not very susceptible to the fungus Botrytis ... recommended to keep the humidity below 90% when the temperatures are low, as example during the winter. Relative humidity at these levels helps produce a longer stems and leaves also somewhat longer.
In greenhouses, when the humidity is very high it is recommended to ventilate by opening windows, use heating or using fans.
In Spain, the cultivation of Alstroemeria aurantiaca do not need artificial lighting, but in countries like Holland, lamps are used for high intensity discharge quality improvement and production of stems in winter. As curious applied from 3,000 to 4,000 lux per square meter.
A good crop of Alstroemeria aurantiaca greenhouse produce between 180 to 400 stems per square meter per year, depending on variety, production method, the amount of light, etc.considerando acceptable about 60 - 80% of production can be sold as premium product (a stout stem flowers with 4 or more).
As for possible pests, diseases and other problems, the rusticity of the Alstroemeria not imply that culture may occur in pests like aphids, thrips, spider mites, snails, caterpillars, white flies and nematodes, easily controlled if detected in its early stages of attack.
At the level of disease only when the soil is too wet, Pythium and less frequently present a problem Phythophthora ... Rhizoctonia and sometimes when there is a warm and humid.
As physiopathies ... iron deficiency is usually found on young leaves which turn yellow while veins remain green, manganese deficiency is manifested in the young leaves which turn yellow only remaining major green veins, and magnesium deficiency occurs in older leaves that turn yellow, and are yellow stripes and green leaves.
... link
